Word walls are most valuable when students take ownership. They are especially helpful for English Learners and struggling readers, but they certainly don’t hurt students who are proficient. While there are many ways to scaffold literacy in ELA and other content area classes, word walls have been proven to work. Each subject has its own set of unique terms students need to master in order to be able to fully comprehend important skills. But this relationship between global crises and conflict is not necessary or essential, but a function of a wider epistemological failure to holistically interrogate their structural and systemic causes.English, math, science, history, art, physical education – No matter what the content area, students have to be able to speak the language of the class. Global ecological, energy and economic crises are thus directly linked to the ‘Otherisation’ of social groups and problematisation of strategic regions considered pivotal for the global political economy. In this context, orthodox IR’s flawed diagnoses of global crises lead inexorably to their ‘securitisation’, reifying the militarisation of policy responses, and naturalising the proliferation of violent conflicts. Yet increasing evidence shows they are deeply interwoven manifestations of a global political economy that has breached the limits of the wider environmental and natural resource systems in which it is embedded. Conventional policy responses toward the intensification of these crises have been decidedly inadequate, because scholars and practitioners largely view them as separate processes. Both global warming and energy shocks are impacting detrimentally on global industrial food production, as well as on global financial and economic instability. While the structure of global economic activity is driving the unsustainable depletion of hydrocarbon and other natural resources, this is simultaneously escalating greenhouse gas emissions resulting in global warming. The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected global crises – climate change, energy depletion, food scarcity, and economic instability. The authors conclude that these normative changes not only legitimize international institutions-they also promote the development of political community on a global scale. Two case studies examine the construction of such "discourse norms" in the Global Environmental Facility and the World Trade Organization. Democratizing Global Politics finds that, in response to this mounting legitimacy crisis, international organizations and regimes are beginning to embrace new norms of participation and transparency, opening the decision-making process to additional political and social actors and creating opportunities for meaningful external scrutiny. Because of this "deficit of democracy" international organizations and regimes have found themselves the target of protest movements and lobbying campaigns. They have typically excluded almost all interested parties except the representatives of the most powerful nations. Historically, international institutions have been secretive and not particularly democratic.
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